ScienceWar in Iraq will impact environmentBy
FAREED RIYAZIssue date: 2/28/03

Tanks such as this one above blast out uranium-containing shells.
[Click to enlarge] In light of the recent developments and rising tensions between Iraq and the United States, a number of groups have taken it upon themselves to consider the environmental consequences of a war in Iraq, and to make suggestions related to the safety of Iraq's environment.
BirdLife International, a global alliance of non-governmental conservation agencies, has prepared a dossier of information, maps, and photographs which explains possible environmental threats from any military action. The dossier was sent to the governments of Iraq and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the UN committee with responsibility for environmental issues around the globe.
The dossier was based on what evidence exists from the Persian Gulf War of 1990 to 1991, and also utilized data from the more recent conflicts in the Balkans and in Afghanistan.
Dr. Michael Rands, the director of BirdLife International, told BBC News that "until recently the impact of war on nature has often been ignored or obscured by the conflict itself.
"As the 1990 to 1991 Gulf War showed, such conflicts have devastating effects on the environment, biodiversity and the quality of life of local people long after the cessation of hostilities."
Analysis of the environment and wildlife in Iraq by BirdLife has shown that the country is home to one endemic species, the Basra reed warbler, as well as five other endemic or near-endemic marshland subspecies.
Mike Evans visited the Gulf for BirdLife in 1991, and told BBC that "Iraq is at the northern end of the Gulf, one of the top five sites in the world for wintering wader birds and a key refueling area for hundreds of thousands of migratory waterbirds during the spring and autumn."
Any military conflict could very realistically lead to the mass extinction of these species. Additionally, the eradication of these key areas could leave the animals without homes or grounds to stay on during their migratory movements.
BirdLife told BBC News that the 1991 war saw "by far the largest marine oil spills in history, with six to eight million barrels of crude oil spilled, severely polluting 560 kilometers (350 miles) of coast, and totally obliterating intertidal ecosystems."
BirdLife has also reported drastic reductions of the marshlands between 1991 and the present, from approximately 15,000 sq. km. to about 50 sq. km. The extinction of the bandicoot rat and a sub-species of otter have been identified as a direct result of this and other environmental catastrophes.
Some of the major risks to both wildlife and humans that the dossier which BirdLife prepared include toxic pollution from oil spills or oil well fires; radiological, chemical or toxic contamination from the use of weapons of mass destruction; and physical destruction of habitats caused by refugee movement through those areas.
Medact, an organization of health professionals that has a number of functions, including the consideration of the environmental degradations related to war, has produced a report that corroborates the findings of BirdLife, as well as providing other information related to the environmental consequences in Iraq.
The report highlighted the immediate environmental consequences of the 1991 Gulf War, citing figures from a UN mission conducted in March of 1991. The damage to oil wells was especially significant, with approximately 650 of the 1,330 active oil wells ablaze. These led to heavy smoke being spread for many hundreds of miles, having respiratory and carcinogenic effects.
Many other wells had been gushing oil. Figures estimated that between 4 and 8 million barrels of oil entered the sea. Between 35 and 150 million barrels were spread across about 60 percent of the surface of Kuwait, causing toxins to be evaporated into the air and groundwater to be heavily contaminated.
Bombing by the United States and her allies destroyed hundreds of square miles of unusual desert ecology; the use of landmines also contributed to this effect.
However, the effects of the war were not limited to Iraq and her surrounding areas, the Medact report shows, but were felt as far away as Hawaii and the Himalayas. Clean-up costs ranged anywhere between $150 and $200 billion.
The report also considers what effects a war would have. Most of the consequences of a conflict would be very similar to those seen in the previous war; however, as the environment of Iraq and the surrounding nations has not had a chance to fully recover from the previous damage, the effect of the same weaponry may very likely be much worse.
As more than a decade has passed since the initial Gulf War, other dangers have arisen. Especially worrisome are the new threats of non-conventional weaponry. There has been a great deal of conjecture surrounding the question of whether or not Saddam Hussein posses biological and chemical weapon capability. In the case that he does, they may be used as a last ditch effort in order to prolong the war, and make it as cumbersome as possible for the invading countries.
Biological and chemical weapons are much different from conventional weapons in that their effects do not immediately disappear after an initial blast. The effects of these weapons can persist for a great deal of time after they are used, affecting people for long after they were used. Thus, the consequences of the use of weapons of these types cannot be enumerated with complete certainty.
If war were to occur, Iraq would very likely not be the only one to cause consequences as drastic as these. The United States has kept nuclear weapons an open option, if the right conditions were to occur during a war with Iraq. However, radiological contamination of the land, rivers and seas would remain long after the weapons were used, affecting both wildlife and the human populations.
The Medact report closes by urging those concerned with the issue to try to search for a peaceful method of resolving the issue with Iraq, as the consequences of any war would be so drastic.
Taken from: http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2003/02/28/Science/War-In.Iraq.Will.Impact.Environment-2246836.shtml
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